16, 1944, and stretched into late January 1945. Battle of the Bulge - Walkthrough. Epilogue. Battle of the Bulge is a fast-paced WW2 game where precise movement and detailed planning make the difference between a vain attempt and a brave operation. It was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. On December 16, 1944, the Battle of the Bulge had made its everlasting mark in World War II. 16, 1944 — that the Battle of the Bulge had. Thus far the story of the German counteroffensive has been developed on a geographical pattern generally from east to west with particular attention given the initial battles fought by the American forces attempting to hold the shoulders of the salient, the. N. 16, 1944—the opening. It is written from the perspective of the Allied operational level of command. It stars Henry Fonda leading a large cast of fictional characters (though Fonda's Lt. 16, 1944, in hopes of crushing the Allied armies and capturing the vital port of Antwerp. The German selection of a target date for the commencement of the Ardennes offensive turned on. Over 600,000 American troops participated in the Battle of the Bulge, sustaining 81,000 casualties. Col. With Henry Fonda, Robert Shaw, Robert Ryan, Dana Andrews. With the arrival of British XXX Corps to. 30 am, 1900 German guns opened fire between Monschau in the north and Echternach in the south. Hitler's hope of victory rode with his two panzer armies. On the morning of December 16, 1944 – the first day of the Battle of the Bulge – Bouck’s platoon was in a defensive position, manning observation posts along the right flank of the 99th Infantry Division. On Dec. Medal of Honor. It was a German offensive intended to drive a wedge between the American and British armies. Scott215. Although conflict archaeology is now well established, the archaeological remains of many specific military confrontations are still to be explored. Codenamed Wacht am Rhein (“Watch on the Rhine”), the goal was to divide and conquer the Allied forces who controlled the Ardennes region of Belgium and France in an effort to regain control of Antwerp and the Meuse River. Eisenhower Courtney Hodges (1st U. It was a last desperate attempt by the German Wehrmacht to cut through the allied lines. The Battle of the Bulge, as you and my colleagues know, Mr. Eisenhower and his commanders had been ill-prepared for the German counteroffensive, losing significant ground in the battle’s early days. Original title: Battle of the Bulge. Patton led the Third Army in a sweep across France and an instrumental role in defeating the German counter offensive in the Ardennes. Chapter 18-THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. Last modified on Wed 16 Jun 2021 05. The Battle of the Bulge, so named because of the westward bulging shape of the battleground on a map, lasted from mid-December 1944 to the end of January 1945. , 2000. The Forlorn figure on the broiling practice field jogged a few steps, then walked a few, jogged a few, walked a few. Here are 15 facts about the battle. The World War II Battle of Lanzerath Ridge was fought on December 16, 1944, the first day of the Battle of the Bulge, near the town of Lanzerath, Belgium. There is an axiom that weather on the battlefield is divided equally between the combatants-but its impact on military operations is not equal in amount or direction. Army stopped Hitler’s well-equipped force of a half-million Germans and his final offensive in Western Europe. The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. Henbest) was held in division reserve at Doennange and Wiltz, eight miles. In 2002, Congress authorized the placement in Arlington National Cemetery of a memorial honoring World War II veterans of the Battle of the Bulge. S. S. Pfc. The village of St. The Bulge Relics Museum has been lovingly assembled by local volunteers with genuine passions for local history. The German Ardennes Offensive (Battle of the Bulge, Dec. Join us for this inspiring educational journey and stand in the precise locations where theBattle of the Bulge - Panzerlied (Tankmen's Song) (1965 version)Composer: Benjamin FrankelPreformed By: The New Philharmonia OrchestraConducted By: Benjamin. Not only did it postpone the end of the war for another two months and cost the valuable lives of many thousands of Allied servicemen, but it also enabled the Soviets to win a great political victory. The Battle of the Bulge: A Look Back at One of America’s Greatest Victories. the field guide Battle of the Bulge in Luxembourg, Roland has led many tours in the Ardennes over his 25 years as a guide for international audiences. You need to reach the radio to call reinforcements. The Battle of the Bulge was fought from December 1944 to January 1945. Anthony McAuliffe’s 1944 Christmas Message to his Troops. Battle of the Bulge is a film directed by Ken Annakin with Henry Fonda, Robert Ryan, Robert Shaw, Dana Andrews. History and facts about Battle of the Bulge. In the east the Red Army had opened a. The battle for Wahlerscheid was over, but soon the Battle of the Bulge would unfold, and the survivors would call it ‘Heartbreak Crossroads. One conflict that stood out was the six-week Battle of the Bulge, which took place in Europe and began 76 years ago this month, in December 1944. While the allied troops on the ground stood up to German armour, fighter-bomber pilots took advantage of clear sky days to hammer the enemy vehicles and supp. Just follow the mission marker. The Battle of the Bulge. T his stilted, herky-jerky tale of Yankee heroism – written and directed by, as well as starring, Steven Luke – seems to be a sequel to Luke’s. 7 Reviews Write a Review. 'Battle of the Bulge' is an epic film set during the last great battle of World War II. In late 1944, during the wake of the Allied forces' successful D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, it seemed as if the Second World War was all but over. He decided to call for a large-scale offensive with the intension to cause heavy casualties and to. The Order of the Battle. The paper also analyzes the sources and extent of the Allies' overconfidence which, combined with effective German deception and husbanding of materiel, presented Hitler with conditions that. MacDonald. ‘Battle of the Bulge’ is an American classic war movie, it was made in Spain and hit the screens in 1965. Gen. Hugh M. The horrible conditions. Stepping back in time where the greatest generation walked, in conditions that evoked the past really opened my eyes to just how gritty and tough the defenders of Bastogne were. It was the largest land battle of World War II in which the United States directly participated. It took place from December 16th, 1944 to January 25th, 1945. By the end of January 1945, American units had. The harrowing events that transpire are seen through the eyes of U. " The struggle between the Allies and the Germans continued until Jan. This was the first day of the 6-week German offensive that became known as the Batt. American soldiers of the 290th Infantry Regiment 75th Division photographed in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. The film was made to be viewed on a curved Cinerama screen using three. Some areas have active local chapters as well. American forces were surrounded, alone, and facing a massive attack by superior Nazi armored troops. Battle of the Bulge is a really strange beast of a film. Thus far the story of the German counteroffensive has been developed on a geographical pattern generally from east to west with particular attention given the initial battles fought by the American forces attempting to hold the shoulders of. Special thanks to our Sponsor, Humankind. Table of Contents. Ironically, that makes it a perfect candidate for a new DVD treatment intended for 16 X 9 hi-def televisions with. S. "On December 16, 1944, Hitler launched his last great offensive on the Western Front through the Ardennes. The feature was filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and exhibited in 70 mm Cinerama. C. We spent Christmas of ‘44 cut off in a big old building that looked like a gristmill. The Ardennes Counteroffensive, commonly known as the Battle of the Bulge, was a massive military operation undertaken by Nazi Germany in southern Belgium and northern Luxembourg which lasted from 16 December 1944 until 25 January 1945. 16, 1944, Germany unleashed its surprise attack on allied troops. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II. " The battle marked one of Hitler's final offensive pushes before the end of the war and took place in Belgium's densely forested Ardennes region, per History. “There are maybe 2 or 3 percent of the veterans from the Battle living now,” Triesler said. Download the free PDF to see rare artifacts, personal stories, and interactive features. The capture of Bastogne. It is written from the perspective of the Allied operational level of command. The Battle of the Bulge was Germany's last major offensive of the Second World War. A group called the Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge counts at least 46 registered members in Orange County. The battle lasted for five. S Army) Germans were leaded by Walther. By Phil Edwards Last updated 2011-02-17. forces in World War II. During the long-drawn debate over the extent of the counteroffensive, the objective, and the attack form to be employed, the order of battle for Wacht am Rhein took form. " Field Artillery (Oct 19890: 16-22. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest single battle on the Western Front. It Involved More Than a Million Soldiers and 3000 Tanks. Eisenhower and others. What it was like to live through the Battle of the Bulge is that the soldiers were bitterly cold, sleeping in snowbanks for the insulation, in some cases losing as many men to frostbite as to enemy fire. As the fighting raged across the frosty forests of the Ardennes, it was left to a few untested US Infantry divisions to hold the Allied lines. Photos from the Battle of the Bulge. The Battle of the Bulge, so named because of the westward bulging shape of the battleground on a map, lasted from mid-December 1944 to the end of January 1945. Gonna be one helluva fight. The Battle of the Bulge, known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the largest battle fought on the Western Front in Europe during World War II and the largest battle ever fought by the U. American casualties numbered about 81,000, and German casualties were between 60,000 and 100,000. 16, with. Lots of emphasize has been laid on the look of the Mod. 44 — Jan 45) was the last desperate major offensive to avoid total defeat of German forces on the Western Front. British casualties totaled 1,400 with 200 deaths. The offensive was carried out from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945, towards the end of the war in Europe. George S. Chapter 22-THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. 16, 1945) In World War II, the last German offensive on the Western Front, an unsuccessful attempt to divide the Allied forces and prevent an invasion of Germany. When purchased now through Dec 30, you can return this item anytime until Jan 13. The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. in World War II . The Battle of the Bulge | PBS. during the battle, the soviets launched a major attack on hitler’s eastern front. Listen to The Battle of the Bulge from Dan Snow's History Hit. Assumed public domain. The Battle of the Bulge tour retraces the unexpected, dramatic battle and offers the unique opportunity to visit key sites with expert battlefield guides while exploring oral histories of Battle of the Bulge veterans from the Museum’s digital archive. It is rare to see a cinematic amalgamation of 1940s war film lingo, 1980s action movie heroics, and the historical reality of one of the most costly battles in world history. Ever since the Germans launched an offensive in the Ardennes region of eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg on December 16, 1944, the artillerymen — and all the makings of their Christmas dinner — had been on the move. BASTOGNE, Belgium —. Written by Steven Luke. The Battle of the Bulge, for example, ranged over more than 500 square miles. , who is Easy Company’s last remaining officer. Hitler’s goal was to drive a literal and metaphorical wedge. In today's educational animated cartoon we look at one o. On December 16, 1944, the German military launched the “Battle of the Bulge. Atomic had made the first three games for Microsoft, but the publisher had ended the. Battle of the Bulge: Directed by Ken Annakin. 95. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle the U. (Tony Vaccaro/Getty Images) The Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944–January 25, 1945), also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was the largest battle fought. A dramatization of Nazi Germany's final Western Front counterattack of World War II. Gen. December 18, 2019 As 1944 was drawing to a close, the Allied forces could look back on a year of great strides towards. The last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front has become known as the "Battle of the Bulge" for the thrust into the Allied lines. The Battle of the Bulge and Roads to Bastogne. The Battle of the Bulge took place in bad weather ,heavy cloud, heavy snow! The Germans planned in that way to prevent allied air strikes hindering their advance! Many, many scenes are filmed with a clear blue sky and bright sunshine!! The buildings ,water tower and architecture in the background are clearly North American NOT 1940s France/Belgium!Cappa and his men must find the strength to stand against their enemy in the epic fight that would become known as "The Battle of the Bulge". This action was the beginning of what the world has since known as the Battle of the Bulge, which lasted into January of 1945, and cost the Americans 90,000 dead and wounded and the Germans 110,000. During the Battle of the Bulge, the small arms used by tenacious and brave American G. 13. Towards the end of 1944, the Ardennes offensive carried Hitler’s vain hopes of retaking Antwerp, splitting the Allied forces and persuading the United States to enter settlement negotiations. . You will learn about this significant. Visitors to the Battle of the Bulge sites in the Ardennes region of Belgium and Luxembourg, generally spend their battlefield time and attention on the defense of Bastogne. S. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across. Advertisement. Preparations. Vernon Lee German of Salisbury, Maryland received a Purple Heart for his actions in The missing man: One family’s story of the Battle of the Bulge | National Museum of American History Referred to as “the greatest American battle of the war” by Winston Churchill, the six week long Ardennes Offensive occurred from 6 December 1944 to 25 January 1945 and was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front. The 'Bulge' was Hitler's last hope. S. . 336 views • 7 slidesThe Battle of the Bulge was a major moment during World War II, so much so that Winston Churchill called the battle "the greatest American battle of the war. It took place from December 16th, 1944 to January 25th, 1945. Download Cultivate for free: did not see this battle coming. The Men & Guns of the “Battle of the Bulge”. Development. Battle of the Bulge. Although the German planning described herein antedates the opening gun by several weeks, the story of the combat operations begins on 16 December 1944. The division’s three regiments were in a line, with the 112th, 110th, and 109th Infantry Regiments aligned north to south. 3 (23 Reviews) $9. Called “the greatest American battle of the war” by Winston Churchill, the Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes region of Belgium was Adolf Hitler ’s last major. In the winter of 1944, the Allied Armies stand ready to invade Germany at the coming of a New Year. CHAPTER XXII. The short, wintry days ended quickly, giving way to endless hours of dark,. forces and their allies spent that. Perhaps Hitler’s biggest mistake in the Battle of the Bulge was wishful thinking. The Allied line bulged, but did not break. S. Battle of the Bulge veteran recalls horrors and lessons of war. German movements. Army) George S. In late 1944, during the wake of the Allied forces' successful D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, it seemed as if the Second World War was all but over. Battle of the Bulge is a 1965 American widescreen epic war film produced in Spain, directed by Ken Annakin and starring Henry Fonda, Robert Shaw, Telly Savalas, Robert Ryan, Dana Andrews and Charles Bronson. Dec. Ed - December 16, 2016. 558 ratings74 reviews. Adolf Hitler launched the attack on Dec. Wacht. Codenamed Wacht am Rhein (“Watch on the Rhine”), the goal was to divide and conquer the Allied forces who controlled the Ardennes region of Belgium and France in an effort to regain control of Antwerp and the Meuse River. Many consider it Germany's last-ditch effort to turn the tide of World War II in their favor. On this day, one of the last great battles of WWII began in Belgium in 1944. To hell with you, ignoble paunch, abhorrent in my sight! I gaze at your rotundity, and savage is my frown. "Battle of the Bulge" is set in the Ardennes region of Belgium, a dense forest consisting of rugged terrain, steep cliffs, and rushing rivers. Our column of tanks and half-tracks as Combat Command B had been rolling north all day where to and what for I. The battle for Wahlerscheid was over, but soon the Battle of the Bulge would unfold, and the survivors would call it ‘Heartbreak Crossroads. The Men & Guns of the “Battle of the Bulge”. The battle lasted six weeks,. It was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II. D. S. The rest of the division was not nearly so lucky. S. Additionally, and of particular note for federalism scholars, these lawsuits seeking to limit state autonomy regarding marijuana regulation have been filed not by federal officials seeking to maintain their own authority but by state governments. Battle of the Bulge. British casualties: 200 killed, 969 wounded, 239 missing. The Germans and. Commanding Officer: General of the Army D. “A Wave of Terror: Kampfgruppe Peiper in the Battle of the Bulge. 23, the United States troops began their first counterattack on the southern flank of the Ardennes "bulge. It was Bubba Paris's first day of practice at the San Francisco 49er. Join us for this inspiring educational journey and stand in the preciseRolling around the clock, often at reckless speed, between August 25 and November 16, 1944, thousands of two-and-a-half-ton trucks of the Red Ball Express hauled 412,193 tons of critical supplies to the advancing armies. The Battle of the Bulge, named for the bulge in American lines created by the German attack, is also known as the Ardennes Offensive. Interactive Timeline. 16, with. To prevent it, Hitler orders an all-out offensive to re-take French territory and capture the major port city of Antwerp. The real story of the Battle of the Bulge is the story of these soldiers and the intense combat action of the small units: the squads, the platoons, the companies, and the soldiers who filled their ranks. They came under heavy fire from the advancing German 6th Panzer Army, later. Summary: The Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944–January 16, 1945) was fought primarily between the forces of Nazi Germany and the United States Army. It was fought between 18 men belonging to an American reconnaissance platoon, four U. As a junior officer in the prewar panzer troops,. Lt. . Hitler hoped that the German counter-attack would surround the British and American armies and stall the Allied offensive against Germany. It Involved More Than a Million Soldiers and 3000 Tanks. Battle of the Bulge is a complete standalone game, not requiring any other products for. Your first task is to deliver an ammo crate. December 16, 1944 During a snow storm 6 inches of snow Temperature below zero. Chapter 25-THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. S. The Battle of the Bulge, so named because of the bulge, or salient, the Germans punched into Allied lines, was the biggest land battle the U. 37 American soldiers and 202 civilians killed at Malmedy as a result of friendly fire. Bonesteel, US Army <br><br> The Geneva. This interactive timeline depicts the key events of "The Battle of the Bulge" which took place in northern France over the course of December 16, 1944 to. Learn about the 2018 Battle of the Bulge, a special exhibition at The National WWII Museum that explores the history and legacy of the largest and bloodiest battle fought by American forces in World War II. The largest portion of the Battle of the Bulge story has, of course, usually been devoted to how the main German thrust of Hitler’s last and most desperate gamble was halted by the 101st Airborne “Screaming Eagles” Division at the Belgian crossroads city of Bastogne. delegation was in Europe on December 16 to mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of one of the dramatic and climatic battles of World War II: the Battle of the Bulge—an offensive. , 1965. BG Leonard C. By Lori Rose. The Battle of the Bulge. J J. S. In this Animated Map Documentary, we're going to find out how and why it shook out a. On December 16, 1944, Allied troops were massed along miles of the German border when the Nazis mounted a surprise offensive in the forests of Belgium. The player takes control over either side and tries to lead it to victory. Stewart Boone, the last of the "Lucky 11" from the Battle of the Bulge. Watch Battle of the Bulge Alluc, Battle of the Bulge Full Movie Online Free Stream. But only the 1st (Lt. In the Fall of 1944, the British and Americans. 5. commanders, including Supreme Allied Commander Gen. In a single da. Chapter 20-THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. Miller isn. By Charles B. Army in World War II. Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944–January 16, 1945), the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II. 1. It took place in the thick, wooded area of the Ardennes Forest region. “Below-zero. The German counter-attack, spearheaded by three Panzer armies, found the Allies unprepared and ill-equipped. That is exactly what happened in 1965 when the movie “The Battle of the Bulge” was released, but instead of a major, the SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER IN EUROPE and 34 th President of the United States, Dwight D. Battle of the Bulge had its world premiere on December 16. Play World of Tanks here: you World of Tanks for sponsoring this video. 1 January 1945. 10 through 12, 2021 honoring the sacrifices made during the Battle of the Bulge in Bastogne, Belgium. Army’s victory in that battle provides a path through which Ukraine’s army of today could inflict a deadly blow. One of the most gallant combat actions was that. The characters are not involving, the runtime is too long, and much of. ) We were totally unaware of a surprise German Army offensive on Dec. Nearly 80,000 American soldiers were wounded, captured, or killed at the Battle of the Bulge, Hitler's last-ditch counterattack against Allied invaders at the end of World War II. Deliver the ammo and report back to Pierson. Eisenhower. Operation Herbstnebel --Autumn Mist-. With victory on January 25, 1945, the final triumph over Nazi Germany was in reach; Allied forces pressed their advantage and began the last push toward Berlin. The Battle of the Bulge, officially called the Battle of the Ardennes by the U. Three Stories in the Battle of the Bulge. By December, 1944 the Allies believe that the Nazi Army is on the brink of total collapse. Battle of the Bulge [Blu-ray] [1965] SKU: 4776041 . German troops used stolen U. Chapter III-THE ARDENNES: BATTLE OF THE BULGE. per adult (price varies by group size) Tasting and discovery of Belgian Beers in beer pairing in Brussels. In late 1944, during the wake of the Allied forces' successful D-Day invasion of Normandy, France, it seemed as if the Second World War was all but over. On Dec. The Americans were completely taken by surprise, and the Germans made excellent headway. The men of the 687th Field Artillery Battalion hadn’t had a warm meal in four days. ardennes. Dec. The VII Corps Moves To Blunt the Salient. Timeline. Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944–January 16, 1945), the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II. S. For. The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for American forces on the Western Front during WWII – 20,000 Americans were killed in this battle; tens of thousands more were wounded, missing, or captured. During the Battle of the Bulge, 20,876 Allied soldiers were killed, while another 42,893 were wounded, and 23,554 captured/missing. It was a German offensive intended to drive a wedge between the American and British armies. 16, 1944—the opening. So cold we're pissin' ice cubes. The Battle of the Bulge, also known as Ardennes Counteroffensive, would last over a month, ultimately ending on January 25 th, 1945. Among the largest was The Railsplitter, published by the Army’s 84th Infantry Division, which even while in serious combat such as the Battle of the Bulge, printed. Surprise gave way to confusion and in some cases panic in the American rear. . The 1965 movie "The Battle of the Bulge" is generally considered by war movie buffs to be the most inaccurate war movie ever made. Eisenhower . ” THE ARDENNES:BATTLE OF THE BULGE. The day of the 19th had. The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U. Menil, Belgium. S. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. TV Shows. The battle of the Bulge, which saw more American ground troops fighting than in Normandy or the Pacific, deprived the Third Reich of the ability to launch another major attack in the west or east again. Gen. In December 1944, Allied forces were caught unprepared by a. • Distribute Battle of the Bulge Reporter’s Notebook to students, and divide them into groups ofBattle of the Bulge is, first and foremost, a hugely enjoyable strategy game, and if you've no interest in the history I'm sure it's possible to appreciate it as just that. . B, 21st Armored Infantry Battalion, 11th Armored Division, U. American Experience: The Battle of the Bulge DVD. Overview of the Battle of the Bulge. Army. ’ Located inside Germany, across the German/Belgian border, the road junction of Wahlerscheid was a key piece of the puzzle. They launched a massive breakthrough into the Ardennes Forest in Eastern Belgium, driving for Antwerp and hoping. Protect the bombers by personally shooting down 12 enemy planes in Battle of the Bulge. Axis & Allies Battle of the Bulge includes: • 1 Game Board • 1 Rulebook • 12 Twelve-Sided DiceIn 1949 a subcommittee of the Senate’s Committee on Armed Services conducted a full review of Nazi atrocities during the Battle of the Bulge—and completely ignored the Wereth massacre. 26, 1944. Bulge, Battle of the (1944–45). December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. Honor States and the National Unified Archive of American Gold Star Veterans has an established policy of developing "most complete" datasets. ”. The Battle of the Bulge is famously known as the largest battle fought by the U. Even after 70 years it still remains a fundamental study for amateur and. During registration use the code ONCEUPONATANK to get fo. S. The battle was a surprise offensive by the Germans and is also known as the Von Rundstedt Offensive or the Ardennes Offensive. “I have no idea,” said Ed Shames, a resident of Virginia Beach, Va. Amazing color footage from the Battle of the Bulge. S. 16, 1944, after the Allies' original line in Ardennes was restored. Gen. 16, 1944, the Nazi Army took their last, desperate shot at turning the tide of the western front of World War 2. In mid-December 1944, Allied forces were surprised by a massive German offensive through the Ardennes Forrest that created a “bulge” in the Allied lines. forces and to the tens of thousands of casualties U. . The frigid weather. Ralph was born September 12,1923 and was raised in Brooklyn/Bronx, New York. In the winter of 1944, the Allied Armies stand ready to invade. It was directed by Ken Annakin. It was waged in harsh, wintry conditions — about 8 inches of snow on the ground and an average temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit (about minus 7 C.